References

• Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41(41), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001
• Chen, Y., & Yang, D. Y. (2019). The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World? American Economic Review, 109(6), 2294–2332. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171765
• Clark, K. B. (1965). Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social. Power, 31.
• Ebrahim, Z. T. (2012). ‘If this isn’t a Shia genocide, what is?’. Dawn http://www.dawn.com/news/744925/if-this-isnt-shia-genocide-what-is
• Ejaz, S. S., & Ara, A. A. (2011). Gender discrimination and the role of women in Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 50(1), 95-105.
• Gill. & Shareef. (2020). The cost of hate speech. Minorityright.org
• Haque, J. & Ilyas. (2014). Hate Speech-A study of Pakistan's cyberspace. Islamabad, Pakistan: bytes4all
• Haque, J. (2013). Pakistan’s internet landscape. Bytes for All, Pakistan.
• nstitute, B. (2012). Mapping Study on Projects Against Hate Speech Online Institute of Human Rights. British Institue of human rights.
• Kemp, S. (2021). Datareportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-pakistan
• Khali, L. (2019). Identifying cyber hate: an overview of online hate speech policies &finding possible measures to counter hate speech on the internet. Journal of Media Studies, 31(1).
• Khan, M. I. (2019). Cyber-warfare: Implications for the national security of Pakistan. NDU Journal, 117-132.
• Klein, A. (2012). Slipping Racism into the Mainstream: A Theory of Information Laundering. Communication Theory, 22(4), 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01415.x
• Malik, D. A. (2020). Governing Abuse of Free Speech during Elections in Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 33(1), 239- 251. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/15_v33_1_18.pdf
• Matsuda, M. K., & Matsuda, M. K. (2012). Pacific Worlds: a history of seas, peoples, and cultures. Cambridge University Press
• Merrill, S., & Ã…kerlund, M. (2018). Standing Up for Sweden? The Racist Discourses, Architectures and Affordances of an Anti-Immigration Facebook Group. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(6), 332–353. 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmy01
• Pakistan Constitution, L. (2021, April). Freedom of expression. Pakistan constitution law.com.
• Pakistan Penal, c. (2013). Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860). (n.d.). Pakistan org
• PIPS. (2019). Pakistan’s Sectarian Mire and The Way Forward. Pak Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS).
• Rao, M. F. (2020). Hate speech and media information literacy in the digital age: A case study of 2018 elections in Pakistan. Global Media Journal, 18(34), 1- 10.
• Riaz, S. (2010). Effects of New Media Technologies on Political Communication. Journal of Political Studies, 17(2). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A2536 09193/AONE?u=googlescholar&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=f23b77d0
• Ring, C. E. (2013). Hate speech in social media: An exploration of the problem and its proposed solutions (Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder).
• Rodgers, R., & Chabrol, H. (2009). Parental attitudes, body image disturbance and disordered eating amongst adolescents and young adults: A review. European Eating Disorders Review, 17(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.9
• Sengupta, S. (2012). On the Web, a fine line on free speech across the globe. New York Times.
• Silva, L., Mondal, M., Correa, D., Benevenuto, F., & Weber, I. (2021). Analyzing the Targets of Hate in Online Social Media. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 10(1), 687–690. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14811
• Simon Wiesenthal center. (2012). Simon Wiesenthal Center hate report 2012. California: Simon Wiesenthal Center.
• SPL. (2021). Hate and Extremism. South Asia: SPLCenter.org.
• Stephen, C. (2017). Controversial Film Sparks Protests and Violence Across the Muslim World. Guardian.
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Sage.
• Tariq, R. (2019). Hate speech or healthy speech, user friendly or user anxiety: An analysis of cyber world speech discourse. Journal of Media Studies, 31(1)