IMPACTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON MENTAL HEALTH OF YOUTH IN KARACHI PAKISTAN AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).13      10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).13      Published : Jun 2
Authored by : Sanam Tajjamul , Naureen Aleem

13 Pages : 135-146

References

  • Anderson, M., Jiang, J. (2018, May 31). Teens, social media and technology. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/tee ns-social-media-technology-2018/
  • Arain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., Mather, P., Nel, W., Rais, A., Sharma, S. (2013, April). Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 449-461 . https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s39776
  • Arora, T., Albahri, A., Omar, M., Omar, M. S.C., Ahmad, S., Taheri, S. (2018, October). The prospective association between electronic device use before bedtime and academic attainment in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(4), 451-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.007
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Brunette, M., Achtyes, E., Pratt, S., Stilwell, K., Opperman, M., Guarino, S., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2019). Use of smartphones, computers and social media among people with SMI: opportunity for intervention. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(6), 973-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00431-7
  • Badcock, J. C., Mackinnon, A., Waterreus, A., Watts, G. F., Castle, D., McGrath, J. J., & Morgan, V. A. (2019). Loneliness in psychotic illness and its association with cardiometabolic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 204, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.09.021
  • Brusilovskiy, E., Townley, G., Snethen, G., & Salzer, M. S. (2016). Social media use, community participation and psychological well-being among individuals with serious mental illnesses. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 232–240.
  • Bharanidharan, S. (2018, October 3). Teens sleeping less more likely to show suicidal behavior, act unsafely. https://www.medicaldaily.com/teens-sleeping-less-more-likely-show-suicidal-behavior-act-unsafely-427820
  • Burrow, A. L. & Rainone, N. (2017, March). How many likes did I get? Purpose moderates linkbetween positive social media feedback and self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69(69), 232-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005
  • Belluomini, E. (2015). Turn up the tech in social work: the internet made me depressed: emotional contagion through social media. The New Social Worker, 22(3), 31-40.
  • Boyd, D., (2014). It’s complicated: The social lives of networked teens. USA: Yale University Press.
  • Bai, J., Kong, Q., Li, L., Wang, L., & Zeng, D. (2019). Exploring Cognitive Dissonance on Social Media. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), 143-145. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISI.2019.8823262
  • Bai, J., Kong, Q., Li, L., Wang, L., & Zeng, D. (2019). Exploring Cognitive Dissonance on Social Media. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), 143-145. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISI.2019.8823262
  • Bhatia, V., Hershenberg, R., Davila, J. (2012). Another venue for problematic interpersonal behavior: The effects of depressive and anxious symptoms on social networking experiences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(4), 356-382. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2012.31.4.356
  • Coyne, S. M., Rogers, A. A., Zurcher, J. D., Stockdale, L., & Booth, M. (2019). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104(106160), 106160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160
  • Deters, F. große, & Mehl, M. R. (2012). Does Posting Facebook Status Updates Increase or Decrease Loneliness? An Online Social Networking Experiment. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5), 579–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612469233
  • Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012
  • Discussion Paper. (2008). The Role of Social Networking in Help of alleviate loneliness and Isolation for Senior Citizens, Active Age Business Lab.
  • Firth, J., Cotter, J., Torous, J., Bucci, S., Firth, J. A., & Yung, A. R. (2015). Mobile phone ownership and endorsement of “mHealth” among people with psychosis: a meta- analysis of cross-sectional studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(2), 448–455.
  • Fox, J. & Moreland, J. J. (2015, April). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168 -176 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
  • Facebook. (n.d.) Bringing the world closer together. https://www.facebook.com/pg/facebook/about/
  • Escobar-Viera, C. G., Whitfield, D. L., Wessel, C. B., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Brown, A. L., Chandler, C. J., Hoffman, B. L., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2018). For Better or for Worse? A Systematic Review of the Evidence on Social Media Use and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Minorities . JMIR Mental Health, 5(3), e10496. https://doi.org/10.2196/10496
  • Greenwood, S., Perrin, A., & Duggan, M. (2016). Social media update 2016. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/soci al- media-update-2016/
  • Giacco, D., Palumbo, C., Strappelli, N., Catapano, F., & Priebe, S. (2016). Social contacts and loneliness in people with psychotic and mood disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 66, 59–66.
  • Gilbert, P (2009). The Compassionate mind, Constable and Robinson Ltd., London, 1-100.
  • Herbage, RE (2010) The Effect of Personality Styles,(Level of Introversion- Extroversion) on Social Media Use. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications 1(2).
  • Healey, P.G., Swoboda, N. & King, J. (2002). A tool for performing and analysing experiments on graphical communication. 55-56.
  • Jimmy, N. J. (2016). Social media ‘is making children feel uglier’ http://metro.co.uk/2016/09/13/social-media-is-making-children-feel-uglier-6126675/
  • Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: The relationship between Internet use and psychological well- being. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 12(4), 451-455.
  • Knight-McCord, J., Cleary, D., Grant, N., Herron, A., Jumbo, S., Lacey, T., Livingston, T., Robinson, S., Smith, R., & Emanuel, R. (2016). What social media sites do college students use most? Journal of Undergraduate Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2, 21-26. http://www.juempsychology.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Knight-McCord_et-al_JUEMP_2016.pdf
  • Kaplan, A. M., &Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
  • Lattie, E. G., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Technology and College Student Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00246
  • Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323- 331.
  • Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., Han, B. (2016, December). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics, 138(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1878
  • Monk, A. F (2002). Fun, communication and dependability extending the concept of usability, 3-9.
  • Murphy, C. (2010). Young more lonely than the old, UK survey suggests. 25th May BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8701763.stm
  • Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167.
  • Patterson, A. C., & Veenstra, G. (2010). Loneliness and risk of mortality: a longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 181-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024
  • Pornsakulvanich, V. (2017, November). Personality, attitudes, social influences and social networking site usage predicting online social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 255-262 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.021
  • Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652-657.
  • Skues, J. L., Williams, B., & Wise, L. (2012). The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2414–2419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012
  • Social Media. (2004). In Merriam-Webster online dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20media
  • Twenge, J., Joiner, T., Rogers, M., & Martin, G. (2017, November 14). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3- 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376
  • Utz, S., Tanis, M. & Vermeulen, I. (2016, January 12). It is all about being popular: the effects of need for popularity on social network site use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0651
  • Vaterlaus, M., Barnett, K., Roche, C., & Young, J. (2016, September). “Snapchat is more personal”: An exploratory study on Snapchat behaviors and young adult interpersonal relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 594-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.029
  • Yao, M. Z., & Zhong, Z. J. (2014). Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 164-170..
  • Webb, H., Jirotka, M., Stahl, B. C., Housley, W., Edwards, A., Williams, M., & Burnap, P. (2017). The ethical challenges of publishing Twitter data for research dissemination. Paper presented at the pro- ceedings of the 2017 ACM on Web Science Conference, 339–348.
  • Weaver, M. D., Barger, L. K., Malone, S., Anderson, L. S. &Klerman, E. B. (2018, October 1). Dose dependent associations between sleep duration and unsafe behaviors among US high school students. Journal of the American Medical Association, online content, 172(12), 1187-1189 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2777
  • Zaheer, L. (2018). New media technologies and Youth in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 55(1), 107-114.

References

  • Anderson, M., Jiang, J. (2018, May 31). Teens, social media and technology. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/tee ns-social-media-technology-2018/
  • Arain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., Mather, P., Nel, W., Rais, A., Sharma, S. (2013, April). Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 449-461 . https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s39776
  • Arora, T., Albahri, A., Omar, M., Omar, M. S.C., Ahmad, S., Taheri, S. (2018, October). The prospective association between electronic device use before bedtime and academic attainment in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(4), 451-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.007
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Brunette, M., Achtyes, E., Pratt, S., Stilwell, K., Opperman, M., Guarino, S., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2019). Use of smartphones, computers and social media among people with SMI: opportunity for intervention. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(6), 973-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00431-7
  • Badcock, J. C., Mackinnon, A., Waterreus, A., Watts, G. F., Castle, D., McGrath, J. J., & Morgan, V. A. (2019). Loneliness in psychotic illness and its association with cardiometabolic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 204, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.09.021
  • Brusilovskiy, E., Townley, G., Snethen, G., & Salzer, M. S. (2016). Social media use, community participation and psychological well-being among individuals with serious mental illnesses. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 232–240.
  • Bharanidharan, S. (2018, October 3). Teens sleeping less more likely to show suicidal behavior, act unsafely. https://www.medicaldaily.com/teens-sleeping-less-more-likely-show-suicidal-behavior-act-unsafely-427820
  • Burrow, A. L. & Rainone, N. (2017, March). How many likes did I get? Purpose moderates linkbetween positive social media feedback and self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69(69), 232-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005
  • Belluomini, E. (2015). Turn up the tech in social work: the internet made me depressed: emotional contagion through social media. The New Social Worker, 22(3), 31-40.
  • Boyd, D., (2014). It’s complicated: The social lives of networked teens. USA: Yale University Press.
  • Bai, J., Kong, Q., Li, L., Wang, L., & Zeng, D. (2019). Exploring Cognitive Dissonance on Social Media. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), 143-145. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISI.2019.8823262
  • Bai, J., Kong, Q., Li, L., Wang, L., & Zeng, D. (2019). Exploring Cognitive Dissonance on Social Media. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), 143-145. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISI.2019.8823262
  • Bhatia, V., Hershenberg, R., Davila, J. (2012). Another venue for problematic interpersonal behavior: The effects of depressive and anxious symptoms on social networking experiences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(4), 356-382. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2012.31.4.356
  • Coyne, S. M., Rogers, A. A., Zurcher, J. D., Stockdale, L., & Booth, M. (2019). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104(106160), 106160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160
  • Deters, F. große, & Mehl, M. R. (2012). Does Posting Facebook Status Updates Increase or Decrease Loneliness? An Online Social Networking Experiment. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(5), 579–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612469233
  • Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012
  • Discussion Paper. (2008). The Role of Social Networking in Help of alleviate loneliness and Isolation for Senior Citizens, Active Age Business Lab.
  • Firth, J., Cotter, J., Torous, J., Bucci, S., Firth, J. A., & Yung, A. R. (2015). Mobile phone ownership and endorsement of “mHealth” among people with psychosis: a meta- analysis of cross-sectional studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(2), 448–455.
  • Fox, J. & Moreland, J. J. (2015, April). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168 -176 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
  • Facebook. (n.d.) Bringing the world closer together. https://www.facebook.com/pg/facebook/about/
  • Escobar-Viera, C. G., Whitfield, D. L., Wessel, C. B., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Brown, A. L., Chandler, C. J., Hoffman, B. L., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2018). For Better or for Worse? A Systematic Review of the Evidence on Social Media Use and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Minorities . JMIR Mental Health, 5(3), e10496. https://doi.org/10.2196/10496
  • Greenwood, S., Perrin, A., & Duggan, M. (2016). Social media update 2016. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/soci al- media-update-2016/
  • Giacco, D., Palumbo, C., Strappelli, N., Catapano, F., & Priebe, S. (2016). Social contacts and loneliness in people with psychotic and mood disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 66, 59–66.
  • Gilbert, P (2009). The Compassionate mind, Constable and Robinson Ltd., London, 1-100.
  • Herbage, RE (2010) The Effect of Personality Styles,(Level of Introversion- Extroversion) on Social Media Use. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications 1(2).
  • Healey, P.G., Swoboda, N. & King, J. (2002). A tool for performing and analysing experiments on graphical communication. 55-56.
  • Jimmy, N. J. (2016). Social media ‘is making children feel uglier’ http://metro.co.uk/2016/09/13/social-media-is-making-children-feel-uglier-6126675/
  • Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: The relationship between Internet use and psychological well- being. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 12(4), 451-455.
  • Knight-McCord, J., Cleary, D., Grant, N., Herron, A., Jumbo, S., Lacey, T., Livingston, T., Robinson, S., Smith, R., & Emanuel, R. (2016). What social media sites do college students use most? Journal of Undergraduate Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2, 21-26. http://www.juempsychology.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Knight-McCord_et-al_JUEMP_2016.pdf
  • Kaplan, A. M., &Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
  • Lattie, E. G., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Technology and College Student Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00246
  • Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323- 331.
  • Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., Han, B. (2016, December). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics, 138(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1878
  • Monk, A. F (2002). Fun, communication and dependability extending the concept of usability, 3-9.
  • Murphy, C. (2010). Young more lonely than the old, UK survey suggests. 25th May BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8701763.stm
  • Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167.
  • Patterson, A. C., & Veenstra, G. (2010). Loneliness and risk of mortality: a longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 181-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024
  • Pornsakulvanich, V. (2017, November). Personality, attitudes, social influences and social networking site usage predicting online social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 255-262 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.021
  • Pantic, I. (2014). Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 652-657.
  • Skues, J. L., Williams, B., & Wise, L. (2012). The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2414–2419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012
  • Social Media. (2004). In Merriam-Webster online dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20media
  • Twenge, J., Joiner, T., Rogers, M., & Martin, G. (2017, November 14). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3- 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376
  • Utz, S., Tanis, M. & Vermeulen, I. (2016, January 12). It is all about being popular: the effects of need for popularity on social network site use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0651
  • Vaterlaus, M., Barnett, K., Roche, C., & Young, J. (2016, September). “Snapchat is more personal”: An exploratory study on Snapchat behaviors and young adult interpersonal relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 594-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.029
  • Yao, M. Z., & Zhong, Z. J. (2014). Loneliness, social contacts and Internet addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 164-170..
  • Webb, H., Jirotka, M., Stahl, B. C., Housley, W., Edwards, A., Williams, M., & Burnap, P. (2017). The ethical challenges of publishing Twitter data for research dissemination. Paper presented at the pro- ceedings of the 2017 ACM on Web Science Conference, 339–348.
  • Weaver, M. D., Barger, L. K., Malone, S., Anderson, L. S. &Klerman, E. B. (2018, October 1). Dose dependent associations between sleep duration and unsafe behaviors among US high school students. Journal of the American Medical Association, online content, 172(12), 1187-1189 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2777
  • Zaheer, L. (2018). New media technologies and Youth in Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 55(1), 107-114.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Tajjamul, S., & Aleem, N. (2022). Impacts of Social Media on Mental Health of Youth in Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V(II), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).13

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Tajjamul, Sanam, and Naureen Aleem. 2022. "Impacts of Social Media on Mental Health of Youth in Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (II): 135-146 doi: 10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).13

HARVARD

    HARVARD : TAJJAMUL, S. & ALEEM, N. 2022. Impacts of Social Media on Mental Health of Youth in Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V, 135-146.

MHRA

    MHRA : Tajjamul, Sanam, and Naureen Aleem. 2022. "Impacts of Social Media on Mental Health of Youth in Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V: 135-146

MLA

    MLA : Tajjamul, Sanam, and Naureen Aleem. "Impacts of Social Media on Mental Health of Youth in Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V.II (2022): 135-146 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Tajjamul, Sanam and Aleem, Naureen (2022), "Impacts of Social Media on Mental Health of Youth in Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study", Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (II), 135-146

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Tajjamul, Sanam, and Naureen Aleem. "Impacts of Social Media on Mental Health of Youth in Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study." Global Digital & Print Media Review V, no. II (2022): 135-146. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).13