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- Bekafigo, M. A., & McBride, A. (2013). Who Tweets About Politics? Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 625-643. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443931349040 5
- Bing, N. (2015). Kenya Decides: Kiswahili, social media and politics in Kenya's 2013 general elections. Journal of African Media Studies, 7(2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.7.2.165_1
- Chadwick, A. & Haward P.N. 2010 . Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. London: Routledge.
- Chen, K. (2011) ' A test of the spiral of silence theory on young adults' use of social networking sites for political purposes in Digital Repository at Iowa State University, 1-95.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Reflections on the -spiral of silence. Communication Yearbook, 14, 288-297.
- Dollarhide, M. (2019). Social Media Definition: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/s ocialmedia.asp
- Eijaz, A. (2013). Impact of new media on dynamics of Pakistan politics. Journal of Political Studies, 20(1), 113-130. https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio n/259756765_Impact_of_New_Media_on _Dynamics_of_Pakistan_Politics
- Elin L. (2003). The radicalization of Zeke Spier: How the Internet contributes to civic engagement and new forms of social capital. New York: 97-114.
- Eveland, W. P., Hayes, A. F., Shah, D. V., & Kwak, N. (2005). Understanding the Relationship Between Communication and Political Knowledge: A Model Comparison Approach Using Panel Data. Political Communication, 22(4), 423-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846005003113 45
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- Harp, D., & Tremayne, M. (2006). The gendered blogosphere: Examining inequality using network and feminist theory. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(2), 247-264
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- Hendriks, C. M., Duus, S., & Ercan, S. A. (2016). Performing politics on social media: The dramaturgy of an environmental controversy on Facebook. Environmental Politics, 25(6), 1102-1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.11 96967
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- Ittefaq, M., & Iqbal, A. (2018). Digitization of the health sector in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities to online health communication: A case study of MARHAM social and mobile media. DIGITAL HEALTH, 4, 205520761878928. https://doi.org/10.1177/205520761878928 1
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- Kushin, M. J., Yamamoto, M., & Dalisay, F. (2019). Societal Majority, Facebook, and the Spiral of Silence in the 2016 US Presidential Election. Social Media Society, 5(2), 205630511985513. https://doi.org/10.1177/205630511985513 9
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- Masiha, S. & Habiba. U, & Abbas, Z & Saud, M. & Ariadi, S. (2018). Exploring the Link between the Use of Facebook and Political Participation among Youth in Pakistan. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 06(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/2332- 0761.1000315
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- Moreno-Riaño, G. (2002). Experimental implications for the Spiral of Silence. The Social Science Journal, 39(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0362- 3319(01)00174-4
- Mor, Y., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Maoz, I. (2015). Political Expression on Facebook in a Context of Conflict: Dilemmas and Coping Strategies of Jewish-Israeli Youth. Social Media Society, 1(2), 205630511560675. https://doi.org/10.1177/205630511560675 0
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- Frederick, E., Neuwirth, K. & Mayo, C. (2007). The spiral of silence and fear of isolation.
- Neuwirth, K., & Frederick, E. (2004). Peer and social influence on opinion expression: Combining the theories of planned behavior and the spiral of silence. Communication Research, 31(6), 669-703.
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- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1977). Turbulences in the climate of opinion: Methodological applications of the spiral of silence theory. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41(2), 143-158.
- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1990). The theory of public opinion: The concept of the spiral of silence. Communication Yearbook, 14, 256-287.
- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). Spiral of silence. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
- Oh, W. Y (2011) Willingness to speak out: comparison between online versus offline communication. Presented at World Association for Public Opinion Research 64th Annual Conference in Amsterdam. September 21-23, 2011.
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- Qaisar, A. R., Azhar, Z., & Bajwa, F. (2021). Synchronization of Media Agendas between Social Media and Newspaper Websites: A Case Study of Within Day (AM vs PM) Inter Media Agenda Setting. Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 5(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36968/ JPDC-V05-I02-07
- Ravi, B. K., & Vasundara, P. M. (2015). Digital Democracy Social Media in Political Campaigns
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- Baker, S. A. (2012). From the criminal crowd to the https://doi.org/10.1108/175780412112001 00
- Bekafigo, M. A., & McBride, A. (2013). Who Tweets About Politics? Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 625-643. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443931349040 5
- Bing, N. (2015). Kenya Decides: Kiswahili, social media and politics in Kenya's 2013 general elections. Journal of African Media Studies, 7(2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.7.2.165_1
- Chadwick, A. & Haward P.N. 2010 . Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. London: Routledge.
- Chen, K. (2011) ' A test of the spiral of silence theory on young adults' use of social networking sites for political purposes in Digital Repository at Iowa State University, 1-95.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Reflections on the -spiral of silence. Communication Yearbook, 14, 288-297.
- Dollarhide, M. (2019). Social Media Definition: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/s ocialmedia.asp
- Eijaz, A. (2013). Impact of new media on dynamics of Pakistan politics. Journal of Political Studies, 20(1), 113-130. https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio n/259756765_Impact_of_New_Media_on _Dynamics_of_Pakistan_Politics
- Elin L. (2003). The radicalization of Zeke Spier: How the Internet contributes to civic engagement and new forms of social capital. New York: 97-114.
- Eveland, W. P., Hayes, A. F., Shah, D. V., & Kwak, N. (2005). Understanding the Relationship Between Communication and Political Knowledge: A Model Comparison Approach Using Panel Data. Political Communication, 22(4), 423-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846005003113 45
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- Cooper, G., Green, N., Burningham, K., Evans, D., & Jackson, T. (2012). Unravelling the Threads: Discourses of Sustainability and Consumption in an Online Forum. Environmental Communication, 6(1), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2011.64 2080
- William J. Gonzenbach, Cynthia King. (1999). Homosexuals and the Military: An Analysis of the Spiral of Silence. Howard Journal of Communications, 10(4), 281- 296. https://doi.org/10.1080/106461799246762
- Gottfried, J., Barthel, M., Shearer, E. & Mitchell, A. (2016). The 2016 Presidential Campaign - a News Event That's Hard to Miss. Pew Research Center. http://www.journalism.org/2016/02/04/t he-2016-presi dential-campaign-a-news- event-that-hard-to-miss/
- Graham, A. Levy, S. Rodriguez & Megan (2020).
- Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for Your https://doi.org/10.5929/2014.4.2.9
- Guo, Z., & Moy, P. (1998). Medium or message? Predicting dimensions of political sophistication. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 10(1), 25-53
- Harp, D., & Tremayne, M. (2006). The gendered blogosphere: Examining inequality using network and feminist theory. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(2), 247-264
- Hayes, A. F. (2007). Exploring the Forms of Self- Censorship: On the Spiral of Silence and the Use of Opinion Expression Avoidance Strategies. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 785-802. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460- 2466.2007.00368.x
- Hendriks, C. M., Duus, S., & Ercan, S. A. (2016). Performing politics on social media: The dramaturgy of an environmental controversy on Facebook. Environmental Politics, 25(6), 1102-1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.11 96967
- Ho, S. S., & McLeod, D. M. (2008). Social- psychological influences on opinion expression in face-to-face and computer- mediated communication. Communication Research, 35(2), 190-207
- Ittefaq, M., & Iqbal, A. (2018). Digitization of the health sector in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities to online health communication: A case study of MARHAM social and mobile media. DIGITAL HEALTH, 4, 205520761878928. https://doi.org/10.1177/205520761878928 1
- Javuru, K 2013, 'New media and the changing public sphere in Uganda: towards deliberative democracy, in AA Olorunnisola (ed) New Media Influence on Social and Political Change in Africa. IGI Global, http:// books.google.co.bw/book.
- Kapko, M. (2016). How social media is shaping the 2016 presidential election. CIO. http://www.cio.com/article/3125120/soci al-networking /how-social-media-is- shaping-the-2016-presidential- election.html
- Karamat, A., & Farooq, A. (2016). Emerging role of social media in political activism: Perceptions and practices. A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 31, 381- 396.
- Khushi, Q. & Ilyas, S. (2013). Persuasive Strategies in Political Discourse: A Study of a Political Party's Official FaceBook Pages. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 33(2), 389-400.
- Kohut, A. (2008, January 11). Social networking and online videos take off: Internet's broader role in campaign 2008. The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. http://www.pewinternet.org /pdfs/ Pew_ MediaSources jan08.pdf
- Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did Social Media Really Matter? College Students' Use of Online Media and Political Decision Making in the 2008 Election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.51 6863
- Kushin, M. J., Yamamoto, M., & Dalisay, F. (2019). Societal Majority, Facebook, and the Spiral of Silence in the 2016 US Presidential Election. Social Media Society, 5(2), 205630511985513. https://doi.org/10.1177/205630511985513 9
- Kuo, F. Y., Tseng, C. Y., Tseng, F. C., & Lin, C. S. (2013). A study of social information control affordances and gender difference in Facebook self-presentation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 635-644.
- Latif, M. (2013).
- Larsson, A. O., & Moe, H. (2011). Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish election campaign. New Media & Society, 14(5), 729-747. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481142289 4
- Lenart, S. (1994). Shaping political attitudes: The impact of interpersonal communication and mass media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Liu, X., & Fahmy, S. S. (2009). Testing the spiral of silence in the virtual world: Monitoring opinion climate online and individuals' willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
- Masiha, S. & Habiba. U, & Abbas, Z & Saud, M. & Ariadi, S. (2018). Exploring the Link between the Use of Facebook and Political Participation among Youth in Pakistan. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 06(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/2332- 0761.1000315
- McCabe, D. (2015, August 17). Welcome to the social media election. The Hill. http://thehill.com/policy/technology/251 185-welcome-to-the-social-media- election
- McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1987). Willingness to communicate. In J. McCroskey & J. Daly (Ed.), Personality and interpersonal communication 129- 156, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
- Mukhongo, L. L., & Macharia, J. W. (Eds.). (2016). Political Influence of the Media in Developing Countries. Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9613- 6
- Musarrat, R., Zahra, M. F., & Masood, A. (2018). Effect of social media on youth activism during 2013 election in Pakistan. Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies, 12(2), 4-8.
- Moreno-Riaño, G. (2002). Experimental implications for the Spiral of Silence. The Social Science Journal, 39(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0362- 3319(01)00174-4
- Mor, Y., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Maoz, I. (2015). Political Expression on Facebook in a Context of Conflict: Dilemmas and Coping Strategies of Jewish-Israeli Youth. Social Media Society, 1(2), 205630511560675. https://doi.org/10.1177/205630511560675 0
- Moy, P., Domke, D., & Stamm, K. (2001). The spiral of silence and public opinion on affirmative action. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(1), 7-25.
- Nasrullah, Rulli. (2015). Perundungan Siber (Cyber-Bullying) di Status Facebook Divisi Humas Mabes POLRI. Jurnal Sosioteknologi ITB, 14(1), hal 1-11.
- Neuwirth, K. (2000). Testing the spiral of silence model: The case of Mexico. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12(2), 138-159.
- Frederick, E., Neuwirth, K. & Mayo, C. (2007). The spiral of silence and fear of isolation.
- Neuwirth, K., & Frederick, E. (2004). Peer and social influence on opinion expression: Combining the theories of planned behavior and the spiral of silence. Communication Research, 31(6), 669-703.
- Neuwirth, K. (2000). Testing the spiral of silence model: The case of Mexico. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12(2), 138-159
- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1977). Turbulences in the climate of opinion: Methodological applications of the spiral of silence theory. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41(2), 143-158.
- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1990). The theory of public opinion: The concept of the spiral of silence. Communication Yearbook, 14, 256-287.
- Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). Spiral of silence. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
- Oh, W. Y (2011) Willingness to speak out: comparison between online versus offline communication. Presented at World Association for Public Opinion Research 64th Annual Conference in Amsterdam. September 21-23, 2011.
- Peacock, C. C. (2016). Talking politics: political opinion expression and avoidance across conservative, liberal, and heterogeneous groups (Doctoral dissertation).
- Qaisar, A. R., Bajwa, F., & Nawaz, T. (2022). Impact of cyber bullying on political behavior and youth's perceptions about the use of social media by political parties of Pakistan. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 8 (1), 71-82
- Qaisar, A. R., & Riaz, S. (2020). Twitter's Role in InterMedia Agenda Setting on Political Issues of Pakistan. International Review of Social Sciences, 8(8). www.irss.academyirmbr.com
- Qaisar, A. R. (2021). Inter-Media Agenda Setting between Twitter and News- Websites: A Case Study of The Turkish President's Visit to Pakistan. Connect: Istanbul University, Journal of Communication Sciences, (61), 187-211.
- Qaisar, A. R., Azhar, Z., & Bajwa, F. (2021). Synchronization of Media Agendas between Social Media and Newspaper Websites: A Case Study of Within Day (AM vs PM) Inter Media Agenda Setting. Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 5(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36968/ JPDC-V05-I02-07
- Ravi, B. K., & Vasundara, P. M. (2015). Digital Democracy Social Media in Political Campaigns
- Reinard. John C. (2008). Introduction to Communication Research, (WCB Brown &Benchmark Publishers, Madison, Wisconsin).
- Riaz, S. (2010). Effects of New Media Technologies on Political Communication. Journal of Political Studies, 17(2), 161.
- Salmon, C. T., & Kline, F. G. (1983). The spiral of silence ten years later: An examination and evaluation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dallas, TX.
- Shanahan, J., Glynn, C., & Hayes, A. (2007). The spiral of silence: A meta-analysis and its impact. In R. W. Preiss (Ed.), Mass media effects research 415-427. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Skoric, M. M., Pan, J., & Poor, N. D. (2012, May). Social Media and Citizen Engagement in a City-State: A Study of Singapore. In Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
- Sleeper, M., Balebako, R., Das, S., McConahy, A. L., Wiese, J., & Cranor, L. F. (2013). The post that wasn't: Exploring self- censorship on Facebook. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on computer supported cooperative work 793-802. New York: ACM.
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Cite this article
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APA : Javeed, T., Qaisar, A. R., & Juni, M. S. (2022). Political Campaigns on Social Media and Users' Behavior in the Context of Spiral of Silence. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V(II), 11-24 . https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).02
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CHICAGO : Javeed, Talha, Abdul Rehman Qaisar, and Muhammad Sher Juni. 2022. "Political Campaigns on Social Media and Users' Behavior in the Context of Spiral of Silence." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (II): 11-24 doi: 10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).02
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HARVARD : JAVEED, T., QAISAR, A. R. & JUNI, M. S. 2022. Political Campaigns on Social Media and Users' Behavior in the Context of Spiral of Silence. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V, 11-24 .
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MHRA : Javeed, Talha, Abdul Rehman Qaisar, and Muhammad Sher Juni. 2022. "Political Campaigns on Social Media and Users' Behavior in the Context of Spiral of Silence." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V: 11-24
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MLA : Javeed, Talha, Abdul Rehman Qaisar, and Muhammad Sher Juni. "Political Campaigns on Social Media and Users' Behavior in the Context of Spiral of Silence." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V.II (2022): 11-24 Print.
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OXFORD : Javeed, Talha, Qaisar, Abdul Rehman, and Juni, Muhammad Sher (2022), "Political Campaigns on Social Media and Users' Behavior in the Context of Spiral of Silence", Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (II), 11-24
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TURABIAN : Javeed, Talha, Abdul Rehman Qaisar, and Muhammad Sher Juni. "Political Campaigns on Social Media and Users' Behavior in the Context of Spiral of Silence." Global Digital & Print Media Review V, no. II (2022): 11-24 . https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).02