THE NEED FOR INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE TIME SPENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND STRENGTHENING OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).07      10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).07      Published : Jun 2
Authored by : Rania Khan , Sara Rizvi Jafree

07 Pages : 64-79

References

  • Abel, S., Machin, T., & Brownlow, C. (2021). Social media, rituals, and long-distance family relationship maintenance: A mixed- methods systematic review. New Media & Society, 23(3), 632-654.
  • Alava, S., Frau-Meigs, D., & Hassan, G. (2017). Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research. UNESCO Publishing.
  • Ali, R. (2016). Social Media and Youth in Pakistan: Implications on Family Relations. Global Media Journal, 14(26:24), 1-06. https://www.globalmediajournal.com/open-access/social-media-and-youth-in-pakistan-implications-on-family-relations.pdf
  • Alolyan, A. A. (2015). The perceived impact of the internet on family and social relations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation, Manchester Metropolitan University).
  • Baker, T. L., Wise, J., Kelley, G., & Skiba, R. J. (2016). Identifying barriers: Creating solutions to improve family engagement. School Community Journal, 26(2), 161-184.
  • Björnberg, U., & Latta, M. (2007). The roles of the family and the welfare state: the relationship between public and private financial support in Sweden. Current sociology, 55(3), 415-445.
  • Bossard, J. H. (2016). The large family system. In The Large Family System. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Brailovskaia, J., Ozimek, P., & Bierhoff, H. W. (2021). How to prevent side effects of social media use (SMU)? Relationship between daily stress, online social support, physical activity and addictive tendencies – A longitudinal approach before and during the first Covid-19 lockdown in Germany. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 5, 100144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100144
  • Brevers, D., & Turel, O. (2019). Strategies for self-controlling social media use: Classification and role in preventing social media addiction symptoms. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.49
  • Brown, J. D. (2002). The Cronbach alpha reliability estimate. JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 6(1).
  • Carmichael, S. G., Dilli, S., & van Zanden, J. L. (2016). Introduction: Family systems and economic development. Economic History of Developing Regions, 31(1), 1-9.
  • Charles, P., Jones, A., & Guo, S. (2014). Treatment effects of a relationship- strengthening intervention for economically disadvantaged new parents. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(3), 321-338.
  • Clayton, R. B., Nagurney, A., & Smith, J. R. (2012). Cheating, Breakup, and Divorce: Is Facebook Use to Blame? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.
  • Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2002). Interventions as tests of family systems theories: Marital and family relationships in children's development and psychopathology. Development and psychopathology, 14(4), 731-759.
  • Data Portal (2022). Digital 2021: Pakistan, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-pakistan#:~:text=Social%20media%20statistics%20for%20Pakistan&text=The%20number%20of%20social%20media,total%20population%20in%20January%202021
  • Davis, R. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00041-8
  • DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: a meta-analysis. Health psychology, 23(2), 207.
  • Dubose, C. (2011). The social media revolution. Radiologic technology, 83(2), 112-119.
  • Durko, A. M., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Family and relationship benefits of travel experiences: A literature review. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 720-730.
  • Ganda, M. (2014). Social media and self: Influences on the formation of identity and understanding of self through social networking sites.
  • George, M. J., & Odgers, C. L. (2015). Seven fears and the science of how mobile technologiesmay be influencing adolescents in the digital age. Perspectives on psychological science, 10(6), 832-851.
  • Government of Pakistan, (2022) Economy Chapter, https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf
  • Grevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Schweitze, J., & Aguilar-Raab, C. (2019). Better family relationships––higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health-related resources. Mental Health and Protection.
  • Groat, K. (2009). Collapse of the world’s fundamental social unit: Mass media’s tremendous impact on families. Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences, 8(1). https://www.kon.org/urc/v8/groat.html
  • Gutierrez, K. M., & Cooper, T. V. (2016). The use of social networking sites: A risk factor for using alcohol, marijuana, and synthetic cannabinoids? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.021
  • Hampton, K. N., Goulet, L. S., Rainie, L., & Purcell, K. (2011). Social networking sites and our lives 1,1-85. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
  • Hilton, A., & Armstrong, R. A. (2006). Statnote 6: post-hoc ANOVA tests. Microbiologist, 2006, 34-36.
  • Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2019-1-4
  • Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751-768.
  • Iqbal, A., Firdous, R., & Hussain, T. (2021). Social Media and Family Integration: Perception of College Students of Faisalabad. Global Regional Review, VI(II), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(vi-ii).02
  • Jan, M., Soomro, S., & Ahmad, N. (2017). Impact of social media on self-esteem . European Scientific Journal, 13(23), 329-341.
  • Junejo, H. K., Hussain, N., & Lashari, A. R. (2022). Social Media Usage among University Students and its Impact on Academic Performance, Learning Attitudes and Subjective Wellbeing.
  • Kaplan, A.M, & Haenlein, M (2009) The fairyland of second life: virtual social worlds and how to use them. Business Horizon 52: 563-572.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. The public opinion quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
  • Lehto, X. Y., Lin, Y. C., Chen, Y., & Choi, S. (2012). Family vacation activities and family cohesion. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(8), 835-850.
  • Lim, S. S. (2013). On mobile communication and youth “deviance”: Beyond moral, media and mobile panics. Mobile Media & Communication, 1(1), 96-101.
  • Liu, H. (2015). Comparing Welch ANOVA, a Kruskal-Wallis test, and traditional ANOVA in case of heterogeneity of variance. Virginia Commonwealth University.
  • Liu, M., & Peng, W. (2009). Cognitive and psychological predictors of the negative outcomes associated with playing MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games). Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1306– 1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.002
  • Mallett, K. A., Turrisi, R., Ray, A. E., Stapleton, J., Abar, C., Mastroleo, N. R., ... & Larimer, M. E. (2011). Do parents know best? Examining the relationship between parenting profiles, prevention efforts, and peak drinking in college students 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(12), 2904- 2927.
  • McDaniel, B. (2015). Technoference: How Technology Can Hurt Relationships. https:// ifstudies.org/blog/technoference-how-technology-can-hurt-relationships
  • O’Keeffe, G. S. (2016). Social Media: Challenges and Concerns for Families. Pediatr Clin N Am, 63(1), 841–849.
  • O'Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K., & Council on Communications and Media. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Padilla‐Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., & Fraser, A. M. (2012). Getting a high‐speed family connection: Associations between family media use and family connection. Family Relations, 61(3), 426-440.
  • Pew Research (2022) Teens, social media & technology 2018. http://publicservicesalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Teens-Social-Media-Technology-2018-PEW.pdf
  • Procentese, F., Gatti, F., & Napoli, I. D. (2019). Families and Social Media Use: The Role of Parents’ Perceptions about Social Media Impact on Family Systems in the Relationship between Family Collective Efficacy and Open Communication. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16(1), 1-11.
  • Rediy, S., & Tefera, B. (2020). A family-based behavioral intervention to enhance family communication and family cohesion among siblings in polygamous family. Clinical and Experimental Psychology.
  • Rizvi Jafree, S. (2021). Transmitting religious values through online religious communities: case study of Pakistani Shia mothers’ home education. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2021.1992744
  • Rizvi Jafree, S., Mahmood, Q. K., Burhan, S. K., & Khawar, A. (2021). Protective Factors for Life Satisfaction in Aging Populations Residing in Public Sector Old Age Homes of Pakistan: Implications for Social Policy. Journal of Aging and Environment, 36(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/26892618.2021.1887042
  • Rogerson, M. J., & Gibbs, M. (2018). Finding time for tabletop: Board game play and parenting. Games and Culture, 13(3), 280- 300.
  • Shabir, G., Safdar, Y. M., & Gilani, S. M. (2014). The Impact of social media on Youth: A Case Study of Bahawalpur City. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 3(4), 132-151.
  • Shahar, R. N. B. (2020). “Mobile internet is worse than the internet; it can destroy our community”: Old Order Amish and Ultra- Orthodox Jewish women’s responses to cellphone and smartphone use. The Information Society, 36(1), 1-18.
  • Sharaievska, I., & Stodolska, M. (2017). Family satisfaction and social networking leisure. Leisure studies, 36(2), 231-243.
  • Sheldon, P. (2008). Student favorite: Facebook and motives for its use. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 23(2), 39-53.
  • Siddiqui, S., & Singh, T. (2016). Social Media its Impact with Positive and Negative Aspects. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research, 5(2), 71-75.
  • Sponcil, M., & Gitimu, P. (2013). Use of social media by college students: Relationship to communication and self-concept. Journal of Technology Research, 4(1), 37-49.
  • Staub, E. (1992). The origins of caring, helping, and nonaggression: Parental socialization, the family system, schools, and cultural influence. Embracing the other: Philosophical, psychological, and historical perspectives on altruism, 390-412.
  • Sultana, S. (2017). Social Networking Sites (SNS) and family relationship: A study on youths of Dhaka City. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(4), 46-52
  • Taylor, R., King, F., & Nelson, G. (2012). Student learning through social media . Journal of Sociological Research, 3(2), 29-35.
  • Turrisi, R., Jaccard, J., Taki, R., Dunnam, H., & Grimes, J. (2001). Examination of the short- term efficacy of a parent intervention to reduce college student drinking tendencies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(4), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.15.4.366
  • Valenzuela, S., Halpern, D., & Katz, J. E. (2014). Social network sites, marriage well-being and divorce: Survey and state-level evidence from the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 94-101.
  • Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., ... & Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage underminesaffective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480.
  • Wang, Z., Tchernev, J. M., & Solloway, T. (2012). A dynamic longitudinal examination of social media use, needs, and gratifications among college students. Computers in human behavior, 28(5), 1829-1839.
  • World Times. (2022). How much time does a user spend on social media? https://www.jworldtimes.com/old-site/others/how-much-time-does-a-user-spend-on-social-media/#:~:text=A%2C%20SM%20user%20from%20Pakistan,and%2030%20sec%20a%20year.
  • Yavich, R., Davidovitch, N., & Frenkel, Z. (2019). Social Media and Loneliness--Forever Connected?. Higher Education Studies, 9(2), 10-21.
  • Zaman, R., Stewart, S., & Zaman, T. (2006). Pakistan: Culture, community, and filial obligations in a Muslim society. In J. Georgas, J. Berry, F. Van de Vijver, Ç Kagitçibasi, & Y. Poortinga (Eds.), Families Across Cultures: A 30-Nation Psychological Study, 427-434. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511489822.032
  • Zaffar, M., Mahmood, S., Saleem, M., & Zakaria, E. (2015). Facebook addiction: Relation with depression, anxiety, loneliness and academic performance of Pakistani students. Science International (Lahore), 27(3), 2469-2475.
  • Zheng, X., & Lee, M. K. (2016). Excessive use of mobile social networking sites: Negative consequences on individuals. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 65-76.

References

  • Abel, S., Machin, T., & Brownlow, C. (2021). Social media, rituals, and long-distance family relationship maintenance: A mixed- methods systematic review. New Media & Society, 23(3), 632-654.
  • Alava, S., Frau-Meigs, D., & Hassan, G. (2017). Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research. UNESCO Publishing.
  • Ali, R. (2016). Social Media and Youth in Pakistan: Implications on Family Relations. Global Media Journal, 14(26:24), 1-06. https://www.globalmediajournal.com/open-access/social-media-and-youth-in-pakistan-implications-on-family-relations.pdf
  • Alolyan, A. A. (2015). The perceived impact of the internet on family and social relations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation, Manchester Metropolitan University).
  • Baker, T. L., Wise, J., Kelley, G., & Skiba, R. J. (2016). Identifying barriers: Creating solutions to improve family engagement. School Community Journal, 26(2), 161-184.
  • Björnberg, U., & Latta, M. (2007). The roles of the family and the welfare state: the relationship between public and private financial support in Sweden. Current sociology, 55(3), 415-445.
  • Bossard, J. H. (2016). The large family system. In The Large Family System. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Brailovskaia, J., Ozimek, P., & Bierhoff, H. W. (2021). How to prevent side effects of social media use (SMU)? Relationship between daily stress, online social support, physical activity and addictive tendencies – A longitudinal approach before and during the first Covid-19 lockdown in Germany. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 5, 100144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100144
  • Brevers, D., & Turel, O. (2019). Strategies for self-controlling social media use: Classification and role in preventing social media addiction symptoms. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.49
  • Brown, J. D. (2002). The Cronbach alpha reliability estimate. JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 6(1).
  • Carmichael, S. G., Dilli, S., & van Zanden, J. L. (2016). Introduction: Family systems and economic development. Economic History of Developing Regions, 31(1), 1-9.
  • Charles, P., Jones, A., & Guo, S. (2014). Treatment effects of a relationship- strengthening intervention for economically disadvantaged new parents. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(3), 321-338.
  • Clayton, R. B., Nagurney, A., & Smith, J. R. (2012). Cheating, Breakup, and Divorce: Is Facebook Use to Blame? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.
  • Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2002). Interventions as tests of family systems theories: Marital and family relationships in children's development and psychopathology. Development and psychopathology, 14(4), 731-759.
  • Data Portal (2022). Digital 2021: Pakistan, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-pakistan#:~:text=Social%20media%20statistics%20for%20Pakistan&text=The%20number%20of%20social%20media,total%20population%20in%20January%202021
  • Davis, R. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00041-8
  • DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: a meta-analysis. Health psychology, 23(2), 207.
  • Dubose, C. (2011). The social media revolution. Radiologic technology, 83(2), 112-119.
  • Durko, A. M., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Family and relationship benefits of travel experiences: A literature review. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 720-730.
  • Ganda, M. (2014). Social media and self: Influences on the formation of identity and understanding of self through social networking sites.
  • George, M. J., & Odgers, C. L. (2015). Seven fears and the science of how mobile technologiesmay be influencing adolescents in the digital age. Perspectives on psychological science, 10(6), 832-851.
  • Government of Pakistan, (2022) Economy Chapter, https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf
  • Grevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Schweitze, J., & Aguilar-Raab, C. (2019). Better family relationships––higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health-related resources. Mental Health and Protection.
  • Groat, K. (2009). Collapse of the world’s fundamental social unit: Mass media’s tremendous impact on families. Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences, 8(1). https://www.kon.org/urc/v8/groat.html
  • Gutierrez, K. M., & Cooper, T. V. (2016). The use of social networking sites: A risk factor for using alcohol, marijuana, and synthetic cannabinoids? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.021
  • Hampton, K. N., Goulet, L. S., Rainie, L., & Purcell, K. (2011). Social networking sites and our lives 1,1-85. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
  • Hilton, A., & Armstrong, R. A. (2006). Statnote 6: post-hoc ANOVA tests. Microbiologist, 2006, 34-36.
  • Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2019-1-4
  • Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751-768.
  • Iqbal, A., Firdous, R., & Hussain, T. (2021). Social Media and Family Integration: Perception of College Students of Faisalabad. Global Regional Review, VI(II), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(vi-ii).02
  • Jan, M., Soomro, S., & Ahmad, N. (2017). Impact of social media on self-esteem . European Scientific Journal, 13(23), 329-341.
  • Junejo, H. K., Hussain, N., & Lashari, A. R. (2022). Social Media Usage among University Students and its Impact on Academic Performance, Learning Attitudes and Subjective Wellbeing.
  • Kaplan, A.M, & Haenlein, M (2009) The fairyland of second life: virtual social worlds and how to use them. Business Horizon 52: 563-572.
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. The public opinion quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
  • Lehto, X. Y., Lin, Y. C., Chen, Y., & Choi, S. (2012). Family vacation activities and family cohesion. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(8), 835-850.
  • Lim, S. S. (2013). On mobile communication and youth “deviance”: Beyond moral, media and mobile panics. Mobile Media & Communication, 1(1), 96-101.
  • Liu, H. (2015). Comparing Welch ANOVA, a Kruskal-Wallis test, and traditional ANOVA in case of heterogeneity of variance. Virginia Commonwealth University.
  • Liu, M., & Peng, W. (2009). Cognitive and psychological predictors of the negative outcomes associated with playing MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games). Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1306– 1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.002
  • Mallett, K. A., Turrisi, R., Ray, A. E., Stapleton, J., Abar, C., Mastroleo, N. R., ... & Larimer, M. E. (2011). Do parents know best? Examining the relationship between parenting profiles, prevention efforts, and peak drinking in college students 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(12), 2904- 2927.
  • McDaniel, B. (2015). Technoference: How Technology Can Hurt Relationships. https:// ifstudies.org/blog/technoference-how-technology-can-hurt-relationships
  • O’Keeffe, G. S. (2016). Social Media: Challenges and Concerns for Families. Pediatr Clin N Am, 63(1), 841–849.
  • O'Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K., & Council on Communications and Media. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Padilla‐Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., & Fraser, A. M. (2012). Getting a high‐speed family connection: Associations between family media use and family connection. Family Relations, 61(3), 426-440.
  • Pew Research (2022) Teens, social media & technology 2018. http://publicservicesalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Teens-Social-Media-Technology-2018-PEW.pdf
  • Procentese, F., Gatti, F., & Napoli, I. D. (2019). Families and Social Media Use: The Role of Parents’ Perceptions about Social Media Impact on Family Systems in the Relationship between Family Collective Efficacy and Open Communication. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16(1), 1-11.
  • Rediy, S., & Tefera, B. (2020). A family-based behavioral intervention to enhance family communication and family cohesion among siblings in polygamous family. Clinical and Experimental Psychology.
  • Rizvi Jafree, S. (2021). Transmitting religious values through online religious communities: case study of Pakistani Shia mothers’ home education. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2021.1992744
  • Rizvi Jafree, S., Mahmood, Q. K., Burhan, S. K., & Khawar, A. (2021). Protective Factors for Life Satisfaction in Aging Populations Residing in Public Sector Old Age Homes of Pakistan: Implications for Social Policy. Journal of Aging and Environment, 36(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/26892618.2021.1887042
  • Rogerson, M. J., & Gibbs, M. (2018). Finding time for tabletop: Board game play and parenting. Games and Culture, 13(3), 280- 300.
  • Shabir, G., Safdar, Y. M., & Gilani, S. M. (2014). The Impact of social media on Youth: A Case Study of Bahawalpur City. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 3(4), 132-151.
  • Shahar, R. N. B. (2020). “Mobile internet is worse than the internet; it can destroy our community”: Old Order Amish and Ultra- Orthodox Jewish women’s responses to cellphone and smartphone use. The Information Society, 36(1), 1-18.
  • Sharaievska, I., & Stodolska, M. (2017). Family satisfaction and social networking leisure. Leisure studies, 36(2), 231-243.
  • Sheldon, P. (2008). Student favorite: Facebook and motives for its use. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 23(2), 39-53.
  • Siddiqui, S., & Singh, T. (2016). Social Media its Impact with Positive and Negative Aspects. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research, 5(2), 71-75.
  • Sponcil, M., & Gitimu, P. (2013). Use of social media by college students: Relationship to communication and self-concept. Journal of Technology Research, 4(1), 37-49.
  • Staub, E. (1992). The origins of caring, helping, and nonaggression: Parental socialization, the family system, schools, and cultural influence. Embracing the other: Philosophical, psychological, and historical perspectives on altruism, 390-412.
  • Sultana, S. (2017). Social Networking Sites (SNS) and family relationship: A study on youths of Dhaka City. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(4), 46-52
  • Taylor, R., King, F., & Nelson, G. (2012). Student learning through social media . Journal of Sociological Research, 3(2), 29-35.
  • Turrisi, R., Jaccard, J., Taki, R., Dunnam, H., & Grimes, J. (2001). Examination of the short- term efficacy of a parent intervention to reduce college student drinking tendencies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(4), 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.15.4.366
  • Valenzuela, S., Halpern, D., & Katz, J. E. (2014). Social network sites, marriage well-being and divorce: Survey and state-level evidence from the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 94-101.
  • Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., ... & Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage underminesaffective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480.
  • Wang, Z., Tchernev, J. M., & Solloway, T. (2012). A dynamic longitudinal examination of social media use, needs, and gratifications among college students. Computers in human behavior, 28(5), 1829-1839.
  • World Times. (2022). How much time does a user spend on social media? https://www.jworldtimes.com/old-site/others/how-much-time-does-a-user-spend-on-social-media/#:~:text=A%2C%20SM%20user%20from%20Pakistan,and%2030%20sec%20a%20year.
  • Yavich, R., Davidovitch, N., & Frenkel, Z. (2019). Social Media and Loneliness--Forever Connected?. Higher Education Studies, 9(2), 10-21.
  • Zaman, R., Stewart, S., & Zaman, T. (2006). Pakistan: Culture, community, and filial obligations in a Muslim society. In J. Georgas, J. Berry, F. Van de Vijver, Ç Kagitçibasi, & Y. Poortinga (Eds.), Families Across Cultures: A 30-Nation Psychological Study, 427-434. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511489822.032
  • Zaffar, M., Mahmood, S., Saleem, M., & Zakaria, E. (2015). Facebook addiction: Relation with depression, anxiety, loneliness and academic performance of Pakistani students. Science International (Lahore), 27(3), 2469-2475.
  • Zheng, X., & Lee, M. K. (2016). Excessive use of mobile social networking sites: Negative consequences on individuals. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 65-76.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Khan, R., & Jafree, S. R. (2022). The Need for Interventions to Reduce Time Spent on Social Media and Strengthening of Family Relationships in University Students. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V(II), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).07

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Khan, Rania, and Sara Rizvi Jafree. 2022. "The Need for Interventions to Reduce Time Spent on Social Media and Strengthening of Family Relationships in University Students." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (II): 64-79 doi: 10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).07

HARVARD

    HARVARD : KHAN, R. & JAFREE, S. R. 2022. The Need for Interventions to Reduce Time Spent on Social Media and Strengthening of Family Relationships in University Students. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V, 64-79.

MHRA

    MHRA : Khan, Rania, and Sara Rizvi Jafree. 2022. "The Need for Interventions to Reduce Time Spent on Social Media and Strengthening of Family Relationships in University Students." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V: 64-79

MLA

    MLA : Khan, Rania, and Sara Rizvi Jafree. "The Need for Interventions to Reduce Time Spent on Social Media and Strengthening of Family Relationships in University Students." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V.II (2022): 64-79 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Khan, Rania and Jafree, Sara Rizvi (2022), "The Need for Interventions to Reduce Time Spent on Social Media and Strengthening of Family Relationships in University Students", Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (II), 64-79

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Khan, Rania, and Sara Rizvi Jafree. "The Need for Interventions to Reduce Time Spent on Social Media and Strengthening of Family Relationships in University Students." Global Digital & Print Media Review V, no. II (2022): 64-79. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-II).07