MEDIATED SCANDALS AND BLAME GAME HINA RABBANI KHAR THE FIRST PAKISTANI WOMAN FOREIGN MINISTERS GENDERED MEDIA CONSTRUCTION

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-I).01      10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-I).01      Published : Mar 1
Authored by : Rooh Ul Amin , MuhammadFarooqAlam , MuhammadQasimAli

01 Pages : 1-14

References

  • Ahmad, A., & Anwar, H. N. (2018). Femininity, patriarchy, and women's political representation in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 3(1), 23-37.
  • Ahmad, A., Hafeez, M. R., & Shahbaz, M. (2020). Sell-outs, fatsos or whores?
  • Akhtar, N., & Mushtaq, S. (2014). The dynastic elites and their recruitment in the political process of Pakistan. Berkeley Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 1-18.
  • Allern, S., & von Sikorski, C. (2018). Political scandals as a democratic challenge: From important revelations to provocations, trivialities, and neglect - Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3014-3023
  • Allern, S., Kantola, A., Pollack, E., & Blach- Orsten, M. (2012). Increased scandalization: Nordic political scandals 1980-2010. In S. Allern & E. Pollack (Eds.), Scandalous! The mediated construction of political scandals in four Nordic countries (pp. 29-50). Gothenburg, Sweden: Nordicom.
  • Bano, S. (2009). Women in parliament in Pakistan: Problems and potential solutions. Women's Studies Journal, 23(1), 19-35.
  • Bari, F. (2010). Women parliamentarians: Challenging the frontiers of politics in Pakistan. Gender, Technology, and Development, 14(3), 363-384.
  • Bauer, N. M. (2020). The qualifications gap: Why women must be better than men to win political office. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Baxter, J. (2018). Women Leader Stereotypes in Newspapers. In J. Baxter. Women leaders and gender stereotyping in the UK press (pp. 23-50). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bengoechea, M. (2011). How effective is ‘femininity'? Media portrayals of the effectiveness of the first Spanish Woman Defence Minister. Gender and Language, 5(2), 405-429.
  • Bhatti, Y., Hansen, K. & Leth Olsen, A. Political hypocrisy: The effect of political scandals on candidate evaluations. Acta Polit 48, 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2013.6
  • Biernat, M. (2012). Stereotypes and shifting standards: Forming, communicating, and translating person impressions. In P. Devine, & A. Plant (Eds.). Advances in experimental social psychology, 45, (pp. 1- 59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Brescoll, V., L. (2016). Leading with their hearts? How gender stereotypes of emotion lead to biased evaluations of female leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 415-428.
  • Brook, B. (2014). Feminist perspectives on the body. London: Routledge.
  • Byerly, C. M., & Ross, K. (2008). Women and media: A critical introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell
  • Chang, J. S. (1999). Scripting extramarital affairs: Marital mores, gender politics, and infidelity in Taiwan. Modern China, 25(1), 69‒99.
  • Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the pictures in our heads: Exploring the framing and agenda- setting effects of visual images. In P. D'Angelo & J. A. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing news framing analysis (pp. 233‒261). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Courtemanche, M., & Connor Green, J. (2020). A fall from grace: Women, scandals, and perceptions of politicians. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 41(2), 219‒240
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Cwalina, W., & Falkowski, A. (2016). Morality and competence in shaping the images of political leaders. Journal of Political Marketing, 15(2-3), 220-239.
  • D'Angelo, P., & Kuypers, J. A. (Eds.). (2010). Doing news framing analysis: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Dan, V. (2018). Integrative framing analysis: Framing health through words and visuals. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • D'Angelo, P. (2017). Framing: media frames. In Rössler, P. (Ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects (pp. 1-10). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573- 598.
  • Entman, R. E. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460- 2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163-173.
  • Entman, R. M. (2012). Scandal and silence: Media responses to presidential misconduct. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Entman, R. M., & Stonbely, S. (2018). Blunders, scandals, and strategic communication in U.S. foreign policy: Benghazi vs. 9/11. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3024-3047.
  • Esser, F., & Hartung, U. (2004). Nazis, pollution, and no sex: Political scandals as a reflection of political culture in Germany. American behavioral scientist, 47(8), 1040-1071.
  • Fairclough, N. & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T., A. van Dijk (Ed.). Introduction to Discourse Analysis, (Vol. 2.) (pp. 258-84). London: SAGE.
  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
  • Harp, D., & Bachmann, I. (2018). Gender and the mediated political sphere from a feminist theory lens. In D. Harp, J, Loke, & I. Bachmann, (Eds.). Feminist approaches to media theory and research (pp. 183-193). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 598-601.
  • Kumlin, S., & Esaiasson, P. (2012). Scandal fatigue? Scandal elections and satisfaction with democracy in Western Europe, 1977- 2007. British Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 263-282.
  • Lecheler, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2019). News framing effects. London: Routledge.
  • Maier, J. (2011). The impact of political scandals on political support: An experimental test of two theories. International Political Science Review, 32(3), 283-302
  • Malik, M. R. & Kiani, A. (2012). An exploratory study of projection of positive image of women through media, Academic Research International, 2(2), 651-660.
  • Mandell, H. (2015). Political wives, scandal, and the double bind: Press construction of Silda Spitzer and Jenny Sanford through a gendered lens. Women's Studies in Communication, 38(1), 57-77.
  • Matloob, T., Shabbir, M.S. and Saher, N. (2021). Women's political representation in the local governance of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Review of Economics and Political Science, 6(4), 328- 347. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-12-2019- 0164
  • Neckel, S. (2005). Political scandals an analytical framework. Comparative Sociology, 4(1-2), 101-114.
  • Nyhan, B. (2014). Scandal potential: How political context and news congestion affect the president's vulnerability to media scandal. British Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 435-466.
  • Osawa, K. (2015). Traditional Gender Norms and Women's Political Participation: How Conservative Women Engage in Political Activism in Japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 18(1), 45-61.
  • Pollack, E., Allern, S., Kantola, A., & Orsten, M. (2018). The new normal: Scandals as a standard feature of political life in Nordic countries. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3087-3108.
  • Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2015). A clearer picture: The contribution of visuals and text to framing effects. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 997- 1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12184
  • Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2019). Framing fast and slow: A dual processing account of multimodal framing effects. Media Psychology, 22(4), 572- 600. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018. 1476891
  • Reese, S. D. (2001). Prologue-Framing public life: A bridging model for media research. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy Jr., & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 7-32). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Reese, S. D. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 148-154.
  • Repila, J. (2013). The politics of our lives: the raising her voice in Pakistan experience. Oxfam GB.
  • Ross, K., & Ross, K. J. (2010). Gendered media: Women, men, and identity politics. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Scollon, R. (2014). Mediated discourse as social interaction: A study of news discourse. London: Routledge.
  • Shaheed, F. (2010). Contested identities: Gendered politics, gendered religion in Pakistan. Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 851-867.
  • Thompson, J. B. (2013). Political scandal: Power and visability in the media age. UK: Blackwell.
  • Trimble, L. (2014). Melodrama and gendered mediation: Television coverage of women's leadership https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2013.8262 68.
  • Vivyan, N., Wagner, M., & Tarlov, J. (2012). Representative misconduct, voter perceptions and accountability: Evidence from the 2009 House of Commons expenses scandal. Electoral studies, 31(4), 750-763.
  • von Sikorski, C. & Ludwig, M. (2018). The effects of visual isolation on the perception of scandalized politicians. Communications, 43(2), 235- 257. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2017- 0054
  • von Sikorski, C. (2018). The aftermath of political scandals: A meta-analysis.International Journal of Communication, 12, 3109-313
  • von Sikorski, C., & Knoll, J. (2018). All at once or bit by bit? How the serialization of news affects recipients' attitudes toward politicians involved in scandals. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1389-1407.
  • Williams, B. (2017). A gendered media analysis of the prime ministerial ascension of Gillard and Turnbull: he's 'taken back the reins' and she's 'a backstabbing' murderer. Australian Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 550-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1374 347
  • Williams, B. (2020). It's a man's world at the top: gendered media representations of Julia Gillard and Helen Clark. Feminist Media Studies, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1842 482
  • Williams, B. E. (2021). A tale of two women: A comparative gendered media analysis of UK Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May. Parliamentary Affairs, 74(2), 398-420. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa008
  • Zakar, R., Zakar, M. Z., & Hamid, N. (2018). Gender mainstreaming in politics: Perspective of female politicians from Pakistan. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 24(2), 224-245.
  • Å»emojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Marganski, A., Baran, T., & Piotrowski, J. (2017). Corruption and sexual scandal: The importance of politician gender. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(1), 133-141.
  • Zulli, D. (2021). Socio-mediated scandals: Theorizing political scandals in a digital media environment. Communication Theory, 31(4), 862-883.

References

  • Ahmad, A., & Anwar, H. N. (2018). Femininity, patriarchy, and women's political representation in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 3(1), 23-37.
  • Ahmad, A., Hafeez, M. R., & Shahbaz, M. (2020). Sell-outs, fatsos or whores?
  • Akhtar, N., & Mushtaq, S. (2014). The dynastic elites and their recruitment in the political process of Pakistan. Berkeley Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 1-18.
  • Allern, S., & von Sikorski, C. (2018). Political scandals as a democratic challenge: From important revelations to provocations, trivialities, and neglect - Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3014-3023
  • Allern, S., Kantola, A., Pollack, E., & Blach- Orsten, M. (2012). Increased scandalization: Nordic political scandals 1980-2010. In S. Allern & E. Pollack (Eds.), Scandalous! The mediated construction of political scandals in four Nordic countries (pp. 29-50). Gothenburg, Sweden: Nordicom.
  • Bano, S. (2009). Women in parliament in Pakistan: Problems and potential solutions. Women's Studies Journal, 23(1), 19-35.
  • Bari, F. (2010). Women parliamentarians: Challenging the frontiers of politics in Pakistan. Gender, Technology, and Development, 14(3), 363-384.
  • Bauer, N. M. (2020). The qualifications gap: Why women must be better than men to win political office. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Baxter, J. (2018). Women Leader Stereotypes in Newspapers. In J. Baxter. Women leaders and gender stereotyping in the UK press (pp. 23-50). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bengoechea, M. (2011). How effective is ‘femininity'? Media portrayals of the effectiveness of the first Spanish Woman Defence Minister. Gender and Language, 5(2), 405-429.
  • Bhatti, Y., Hansen, K. & Leth Olsen, A. Political hypocrisy: The effect of political scandals on candidate evaluations. Acta Polit 48, 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2013.6
  • Biernat, M. (2012). Stereotypes and shifting standards: Forming, communicating, and translating person impressions. In P. Devine, & A. Plant (Eds.). Advances in experimental social psychology, 45, (pp. 1- 59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Brescoll, V., L. (2016). Leading with their hearts? How gender stereotypes of emotion lead to biased evaluations of female leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 415-428.
  • Brook, B. (2014). Feminist perspectives on the body. London: Routledge.
  • Byerly, C. M., & Ross, K. (2008). Women and media: A critical introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell
  • Chang, J. S. (1999). Scripting extramarital affairs: Marital mores, gender politics, and infidelity in Taiwan. Modern China, 25(1), 69‒99.
  • Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the pictures in our heads: Exploring the framing and agenda- setting effects of visual images. In P. D'Angelo & J. A. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing news framing analysis (pp. 233‒261). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Courtemanche, M., & Connor Green, J. (2020). A fall from grace: Women, scandals, and perceptions of politicians. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 41(2), 219‒240
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Cwalina, W., & Falkowski, A. (2016). Morality and competence in shaping the images of political leaders. Journal of Political Marketing, 15(2-3), 220-239.
  • D'Angelo, P., & Kuypers, J. A. (Eds.). (2010). Doing news framing analysis: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Dan, V. (2018). Integrative framing analysis: Framing health through words and visuals. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • D'Angelo, P. (2017). Framing: media frames. In Rössler, P. (Ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects (pp. 1-10). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573- 598.
  • Entman, R. E. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460- 2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163-173.
  • Entman, R. M. (2012). Scandal and silence: Media responses to presidential misconduct. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Entman, R. M., & Stonbely, S. (2018). Blunders, scandals, and strategic communication in U.S. foreign policy: Benghazi vs. 9/11. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3024-3047.
  • Esser, F., & Hartung, U. (2004). Nazis, pollution, and no sex: Political scandals as a reflection of political culture in Germany. American behavioral scientist, 47(8), 1040-1071.
  • Fairclough, N. & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T., A. van Dijk (Ed.). Introduction to Discourse Analysis, (Vol. 2.) (pp. 258-84). London: SAGE.
  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
  • Harp, D., & Bachmann, I. (2018). Gender and the mediated political sphere from a feminist theory lens. In D. Harp, J, Loke, & I. Bachmann, (Eds.). Feminist approaches to media theory and research (pp. 183-193). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Heflick, N. A., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 598-601.
  • Kumlin, S., & Esaiasson, P. (2012). Scandal fatigue? Scandal elections and satisfaction with democracy in Western Europe, 1977- 2007. British Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 263-282.
  • Lecheler, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2019). News framing effects. London: Routledge.
  • Maier, J. (2011). The impact of political scandals on political support: An experimental test of two theories. International Political Science Review, 32(3), 283-302
  • Malik, M. R. & Kiani, A. (2012). An exploratory study of projection of positive image of women through media, Academic Research International, 2(2), 651-660.
  • Mandell, H. (2015). Political wives, scandal, and the double bind: Press construction of Silda Spitzer and Jenny Sanford through a gendered lens. Women's Studies in Communication, 38(1), 57-77.
  • Matloob, T., Shabbir, M.S. and Saher, N. (2021). Women's political representation in the local governance of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Review of Economics and Political Science, 6(4), 328- 347. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-12-2019- 0164
  • Neckel, S. (2005). Political scandals an analytical framework. Comparative Sociology, 4(1-2), 101-114.
  • Nyhan, B. (2014). Scandal potential: How political context and news congestion affect the president's vulnerability to media scandal. British Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 435-466.
  • Osawa, K. (2015). Traditional Gender Norms and Women's Political Participation: How Conservative Women Engage in Political Activism in Japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 18(1), 45-61.
  • Pollack, E., Allern, S., Kantola, A., & Orsten, M. (2018). The new normal: Scandals as a standard feature of political life in Nordic countries. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3087-3108.
  • Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2015). A clearer picture: The contribution of visuals and text to framing effects. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 997- 1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12184
  • Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2019). Framing fast and slow: A dual processing account of multimodal framing effects. Media Psychology, 22(4), 572- 600. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018. 1476891
  • Reese, S. D. (2001). Prologue-Framing public life: A bridging model for media research. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy Jr., & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 7-32). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Reese, S. D. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 148-154.
  • Repila, J. (2013). The politics of our lives: the raising her voice in Pakistan experience. Oxfam GB.
  • Ross, K., & Ross, K. J. (2010). Gendered media: Women, men, and identity politics. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Scollon, R. (2014). Mediated discourse as social interaction: A study of news discourse. London: Routledge.
  • Shaheed, F. (2010). Contested identities: Gendered politics, gendered religion in Pakistan. Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 851-867.
  • Thompson, J. B. (2013). Political scandal: Power and visability in the media age. UK: Blackwell.
  • Trimble, L. (2014). Melodrama and gendered mediation: Television coverage of women's leadership https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2013.8262 68.
  • Vivyan, N., Wagner, M., & Tarlov, J. (2012). Representative misconduct, voter perceptions and accountability: Evidence from the 2009 House of Commons expenses scandal. Electoral studies, 31(4), 750-763.
  • von Sikorski, C. & Ludwig, M. (2018). The effects of visual isolation on the perception of scandalized politicians. Communications, 43(2), 235- 257. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2017- 0054
  • von Sikorski, C. (2018). The aftermath of political scandals: A meta-analysis.International Journal of Communication, 12, 3109-313
  • von Sikorski, C., & Knoll, J. (2018). All at once or bit by bit? How the serialization of news affects recipients' attitudes toward politicians involved in scandals. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1389-1407.
  • Williams, B. (2017). A gendered media analysis of the prime ministerial ascension of Gillard and Turnbull: he's 'taken back the reins' and she's 'a backstabbing' murderer. Australian Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 550-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1374 347
  • Williams, B. (2020). It's a man's world at the top: gendered media representations of Julia Gillard and Helen Clark. Feminist Media Studies, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1842 482
  • Williams, B. E. (2021). A tale of two women: A comparative gendered media analysis of UK Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May. Parliamentary Affairs, 74(2), 398-420. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa008
  • Zakar, R., Zakar, M. Z., & Hamid, N. (2018). Gender mainstreaming in politics: Perspective of female politicians from Pakistan. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 24(2), 224-245.
  • Å»emojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Marganski, A., Baran, T., & Piotrowski, J. (2017). Corruption and sexual scandal: The importance of politician gender. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(1), 133-141.
  • Zulli, D. (2021). Socio-mediated scandals: Theorizing political scandals in a digital media environment. Communication Theory, 31(4), 862-883.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Amin, R. U., Alam, M. F., & Ali, M. Q. (2022). Mediated Scandals and Blame Game: Hina Rabbani Khar, the First Pakistani Woman Foreign Minister's Gendered Media Construction. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V(I), 1-14 . https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-I).01

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Amin, Rooh Ul, Muhammad Farooq Alam, and Muhammad Qasim Ali. 2022. "Mediated Scandals and Blame Game: Hina Rabbani Khar, the First Pakistani Woman Foreign Minister's Gendered Media Construction." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (I): 1-14 doi: 10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-I).01

HARVARD

    HARVARD : AMIN, R. U., ALAM, M. F. & ALI, M. Q. 2022. Mediated Scandals and Blame Game: Hina Rabbani Khar, the First Pakistani Woman Foreign Minister's Gendered Media Construction. Global Digital & Print Media Review, V, 1-14 .

MHRA

    MHRA : Amin, Rooh Ul, Muhammad Farooq Alam, and Muhammad Qasim Ali. 2022. "Mediated Scandals and Blame Game: Hina Rabbani Khar, the First Pakistani Woman Foreign Minister's Gendered Media Construction." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V: 1-14

MLA

    MLA : Amin, Rooh Ul, Muhammad Farooq Alam, and Muhammad Qasim Ali. "Mediated Scandals and Blame Game: Hina Rabbani Khar, the First Pakistani Woman Foreign Minister's Gendered Media Construction." Global Digital & Print Media Review, V.I (2022): 1-14 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Amin, Rooh Ul, Alam, Muhammad Farooq, and Ali, Muhammad Qasim (2022), "Mediated Scandals and Blame Game: Hina Rabbani Khar, the First Pakistani Woman Foreign Minister's Gendered Media Construction", Global Digital & Print Media Review, V (I), 1-14

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Amin, Rooh Ul, Muhammad Farooq Alam, and Muhammad Qasim Ali. "Mediated Scandals and Blame Game: Hina Rabbani Khar, the First Pakistani Woman Foreign Minister's Gendered Media Construction." Global Digital & Print Media Review V, no. I (2022): 1-14 . https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(V-I).01