SOCIAL MEDIA AND POLITICAL POLARIZATION IN PAKISTAN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2023(VI-I).19      10.31703/gdpmr.2023(VI-I).19      Published : Mar 1
Authored by : Ali Khan , Imran Rafique , Ameena Nasim

19 Pages : 242-253

References

  • Aday, S., Farrell, H., Freelon, D., Lynch, M., Sides, J., & Dewar, M. (2013). Watching from afar: Media consumption patterns around the Arab Spring. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 899–919. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479373
  • Al Omoush, K. S., Yaseen, S. G., & Atwah Alma’aitah, M. (2012). The impact of Arab cultural values on online social networking: The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2387–2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.010
  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
  • Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of Political Polarization. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 784–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200507
  • arberá, P. (2015). Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together: Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data. Political Analysis, 23(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu011
  • Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
  • Bennett, W. L. and Segerberg, A. (2013). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2017). Is the Internet Causing Political Polarization? Evidence from Demographics. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w23258
  • Brundidge, J. (2010). Encountering “Difference” in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01509.x
  • Cherubini, F. & Nielsen, R. K. (2016). Editorial analytics: How news media are developing and using audience data and metrics. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism: Oxford.
  • Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003
  • Crossman, A. (2017). Understanding purposive sampling. https://www.thoughtco.com/purposivesampling-3026727
  • Farrell, H., & Drezner, D. W. (2007). The power and politics of blogs. Public Choice, 134(1-2), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9198-1
  • Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological Segregation Online and Offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799–1839. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr044
  • Greenwood, D. J. & Levin, M. (2006). Introduction to action research: Social research for social change. SAGE publications.
  • Habermas, J. (1989). On society and politics: A reader. Beacon Press.
  • Hart, P. S., & Nisbet, E. C. (2011). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 39(6), 701–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211416646
  • Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H. (1954). They saw a game; a case study. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49(1), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057880
  • Jarral, K. (2018). Pakistan Election: the role of social media. Asia Research Institute. https://theasiadialogue.com/2018/10/15/pakistan-elections-the-role-of-social-media/
  • LaRose, R., Connolly, R., Lee, H., Li, K., & Hales, KaylaD. (2014). Connection Overload? A Cross-Cultural Study of the Consequences of Social Media Connection. Information Systems Management, 31(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2014.854097
  • Lassen, D. S., & Brown, A. R. (2010). Twitter: The electoral connection? Social Science Computer Review, 29(4), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439310382749
  • Lee, C., Shin, J., & Hong, A. (2018). Does social media use really make people politically polarized? Direct and indirect effects of social media use on political polarization in South Korea. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.005
  • Lee, F. L. F. (2016). Impact of social media on opinion polarization in varying times. Communication and the Public, 1(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047315617763
  • Lee, F. L. F., & Chan, J. M. (2015). Digital media activities and mode of participation in a protest campaign: a study of the Umbrella Movement. Information, Communication & Society, 19(1), 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2015.1093530
  • Lelkes, Y., & Westwood, S. J. (2017). The Limits of Partisan Prejudice. The Journal of Politics, 79(2), 485–501. https://doi.org/10.1086/688223
  • Levendusky, M. S., & Malhotra, N. (2015). (Mis)perceptions of Partisan Polarization in the American Public. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfv045
  • Aday, S., Farrell, H., Freelon, D., Lynch, M., Sides, J., & Dewar, M. (2013). Watching from afar: Media consumption patterns around the Arab Spring. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 899–919. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479373
  • Al Omoush, K. S., Yaseen, S. G., & Atwah Alma’aitah, M. (2012). The impact of Arab cultural values on online social networking: The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2387–2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.010
  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
  • Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of Political Polarization. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 784–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200507
  • arberá, P. (2015). Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together: Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data. Political Analysis, 23(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu011
  • Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
  • Bennett, W. L. and Segerberg, A. (2013). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2017). Is the Internet Causing Political Polarization? Evidence from Demographics. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w23258
  • Brundidge, J. (2010). Encountering “Difference” in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01509.x
  • Cherubini, F. & Nielsen, R. K. (2016). Editorial analytics: How news media are developing and using audience data and metrics. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism: Oxford.
  • Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003
  • Crossman, A. (2017). Understanding purposive sampling. https://www.thoughtco.com/purposivesampling-3026727
  • Farrell, H., & Drezner, D. W. (2007). The power and politics of blogs. Public Choice, 134(1-2), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9198-1
  • Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological Segregation Online and Offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799–1839. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr044
  • Greenwood, D. J. & Levin, M. (2006). Introduction to action research: Social research for social change. SAGE publications.
  • Habermas, J. (1989). On society and politics: A reader. Beacon Press.
  • Hart, P. S., & Nisbet, E. C. (2011). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 39(6), 701–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211416646
  • Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H. (1954). They saw a game; a case study. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49(1), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057880
  • Jarral, K. (2018). Pakistan Election: the role of social media. Asia Research Institute. https://theasiadialogue.com/2018/10/15/pakistan-elections-the-role-of-social-media/
  • LaRose, R., Connolly, R., Lee, H., Li, K., & Hales, KaylaD. (2014). Connection Overload? A Cross-Cultural Study of the Consequences of Social Media Connection. Information Systems Management, 31(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2014.854097
  • Lassen, D. S., & Brown, A. R. (2010). Twitter: The electoral connection? Social Science Computer Review, 29(4), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439310382749
  • Lee, C., Shin, J., & Hong, A. (2018). Does social media use really make people politically polarized? Direct and indirect effects of social media use on political polarization in South Korea. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.005
  • Lee, F. L. F. (2016). Impact of social media on opinion polarization in varying times. Communication and the Public, 1(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047315617763
  • Lee, F. L. F., & Chan, J. M. (2015). Digital media activities and mode of participation in a protest campaign: a study of the Umbrella Movement. Information, Communication & Society, 19(1), 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2015.1093530
  • Lelkes, Y., & Westwood, S. J. (2017). The Limits of Partisan Prejudice. The Journal of Politics, 79(2), 485–501. https://doi.org/10.1086/688223
  • Levendusky, M. S., & Malhotra, N. (2015). (Mis)perceptions of Partisan Polarization in the American Public. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfv045

Cite this article

    CHICAGO : Khan, Ali, Imran Rafique, and Ameena Nasim. 2023. "Social Media and Political Polarization in Pakistan." Global Digital & Print Media Review, VI (I): 242-253 doi: 10.31703/gdpmr.2023(VI-I).19
    HARVARD : KHAN, A., RAFIQUE, I. & NASIM, A. 2023. Social Media and Political Polarization in Pakistan. Global Digital & Print Media Review, VI, 242-253.
    MHRA : Khan, Ali, Imran Rafique, and Ameena Nasim. 2023. "Social Media and Political Polarization in Pakistan." Global Digital & Print Media Review, VI: 242-253
    MLA : Khan, Ali, Imran Rafique, and Ameena Nasim. "Social Media and Political Polarization in Pakistan." Global Digital & Print Media Review, VI.I (2023): 242-253 Print.
    OXFORD : Khan, Ali, Rafique, Imran, and Nasim, Ameena (2023), "Social Media and Political Polarization in Pakistan", Global Digital & Print Media Review, VI (I), 242-253